Understanding Depository System
1. What is a Depository?
A depository is an organisation which holds securities(like shares, debentures, bonds, government securities, mutual fund units etc.) of investors in electronic form at the request of the investors through a registered Depository Participant. It also provides services related to transactions in securities.
2. How is a depository similar to a bank?
It can be compared with a bank, which holds the funds for depositors.
A bank holds funds in an account, while a despository holds securities in an account. Similar to a bank that transfers funds between accounts on the instruction of the account holder, the depository transfers securities between accounts on the instruction of the BO account holder. The bank facilitates transfer without having to handle money, while the depository facilitates transfer of ownership without having to handle securities. The bank facilitates the safekeeping of money, while the depository facilitates the safekeeping of securities.
3. How many Depositories are registered with SEBI?
At present two Depositories viz. National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) and Central Depository Services (India) Limited (CDSL) are registered with SEBI.
4. Who is a Depository Participant?
A Depository Participant (DP) is an agent of the depository through which it interfaces with the investor and provides depository services. Public financial institutions, scheduled commercial banks, foreign banks operating in India with the approval of the Reserve Bank of India, state financial corporations, custodians, stock-brokers, clearing corporations /clearing houses, NBFCs and Registrar to an Issue or Share Transfer Agent complying with the requirements prescribed by SEBI can be registered as DP. Banking services can be availed through a branch whereas depository services can be availed through a DP.
5. What is the minimum networth required for a depository?
The minimum networth stipulated by SEBI for a depository is Rs.100 crore.
6. How many Depository Participants are registered with SEBI?
As on September 30, 2008, a total of 711 DPs (266 NSDL, 445 CDSL) are registered with SEBI.
7. Is it compulsory for every investor to open a beneficial owner (BO) account to trade in the capital market?
As per the available statistics at BSE and NSE, 99.9% transactions take place in dematerialised mode only. Therefore, in view of the convenience of trading in dematerialised mode, it is advisable to have a beneficial owner (BO) account for trading at the exchanges. However to facilitate trading by small investors (Maximum 500 shares, irrespective of their value) in physical mode the stock exchanges provide an additional trading window, which gives one time facility for small investors to sell physical shares which are in compulsory demat list. The buyer of these shares has to demat such shares before further selling.
8. What are the benefits of availing depository services?
The benefits are enumerated below:
i. A safe and convenient way to hold securities;
ii. Immediate transfer of securities;
iii. No stamp duty on transfer of securities;
iv. Elimination of risks associated with physical certificates such as bad delivery, fake securities, delays, thefts etc.
v. Reduction in paperwork involved in transfer of securities;
vi. Reduction in transaction cost;
vii. No odd lot problem, even one share can be traded;
viii. Nomination facility;
ix. Change in address recorded with DP gets registered with all companies in which investor holds securities electronically eliminating the need to correspond with each of them separately;
x. Transmission of securities is done by DP eliminating correspondence with companies;
xi. Automatic credit into demat account of shares, arising out of bonus, split, consolidation, merger, etc.
x. Holding investments in equity and debt instruments in a single account.
Dematerialisation
1. What is dematerialisation?
Dematerialisation is the process by which physical certificates of an investor are converted to an equivalent number of securities in electronic form and credited into the BO’s account with his DP.
2. How can one convert physical holding into electronic holding i.e. how can one dematerialise securities?
In order to dematerialise physical securities one has to fill in a DRF (Demat Request Form) which is available with the DP and submit the same along with physical certificates that are to be dematerialised. Separate DRF has to be filled for each ISIN. The complete process of dematerialisation is outlined below:
i. Surrender certificates for dematerialisation to your DP.
ii. DP intimates to the Depository regarding the request through the system.
iii. DP submits the certificates to the registrar of the Issuer Company.
iv. Registrar confirms the dematerialisation request from depository.
v. After dematerialising the certificates, Registrar updates accounts and informs depository regarding completion of dematerialisation.
vi. Depository updates its accounts and informs the DP.
vii.DP updates the demat account of the investor.
3. What is an ISIN?
ISIN (International Securities Identification Number) is a unique 12 digit alphanumeric identification number allotted for a security (E.g.- INE383C01018). Equity-fully paid up, equity-partly paid up, equity with differential voting /dividend rights issued by the same issuer will have different ISINs.
4. Can odd lot shares be dematerialised?
Yes, odd lot share certificates can also be dematerialised.
5. Do dematerialised shares have distinctive numbers?
Dematerialised shares do not have any distinctive numbers. These shares are fungible, which means that all the holdings of a particular security will be identical and interchangeable.
6. Can electronic holdings be converted back into physical certificates?
Yes. The process is called rematerialisation. If one wishes to get back his securities in the physical form he has to fill in the RRF (Remat Request Form) and request his DP for rematerialisation of the balances in his securities account. The process of rematerialisation is
outlined below:
i. Make a request for rematerialisation.
ii. Depository participant intimates depository regarding the request through the system.
iii. Depository confirms rematerialisation request to the registrar.
iv. Registrar updates accounts and prints certificates.
v. Depository updates accounts and downloads details to depository participant.
vi. Registrar dispatches certificates to investor.